編譯｜馮維維
Science, 17 JAN 2025, VOLUME 387,ISSUE 6731
《科學(xué)》2025年1月17日，第387卷，6731期
材料物理和生物物理
Material & Biological Physics
3D polycatenated architected
3D聚鏈化建筑材料
▲ 作者：WENJIE ZHOU, SUJEEKA NADARAJAH, LIUCHI LI, ANNA GUELL IZARD, HUJIE YAN, AASHUTOSH K. PRACHET, PAYAL PATEL, XIAOXING XIA, AND CHIARA DARAIO
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr9713
▲摘要：
建筑材料的特性來源于其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)元素的幾何排列。他們的設(shè)計(jì)依靠連續(xù)的成員網(wǎng)絡(luò)來控制整體的力學(xué)行為。研究者介紹了一類由離散的連接環(huán)或籠狀顆粒聯(lián)鎖在三維網(wǎng)絡(luò)中組成的材料，形成多聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)材料（PAM）。他們提出了一個(gè)通用的設(shè)計(jì)框架，將任意晶體網(wǎng)絡(luò)轉(zhuǎn)化為粒子連接和幾何形狀。
在響應(yīng)小的外部載荷時(shí)，PAM表現(xiàn)得像非牛頓流體，表現(xiàn)出剪切變薄和剪切增厚的響應(yīng)，這可以通過它們的陽離子拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)來控制。在較大的應(yīng)變下，PAM表現(xiàn)為晶格和泡沫，具有非線性應(yīng)力—應(yīng)變關(guān)系。在微觀尺度上，研究證明了PAM可以改變其形狀以響應(yīng)施加的靜電荷。PAM的獨(dú)特特性為開發(fā)刺激響應(yīng)材料、能量吸收系統(tǒng)和變形結(jié)構(gòu)鋪平了道路。
▲ Abstract：
Architected materials derive their properties from the geometric arrangement of their internal structural elements. Their designs rely on continuous networks of members to control the global mechanical behavior of the bulk. In this study, we introduce a class of materials that consist of discrete concatenated rings or cage particles interlocked in three-dimensional networks, forming polycatenated architected materials (PAMs). We propose a general design framework that translates arbitrary crystalline networks into particle concatenations and geometries. In response to small external loads, PAMs behave like non-Newtonian fluids, showing both shear-thinning and shear-thickening responses, which can be controlled by their catenation topologies. At larger strains, PAMs behave like lattices and foams, with a nonlinear stress-strain relation. At microscale, we demonstrate that PAMs can change their shapes in response to applied electrostatic charges. The distinctive properties of PAMs pave the path for developing stimuli-responsive materials, energy-absorbing systems, and morphing architectures.
Stereomicrostructure-regulated biodegradable adhesives
立體微結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)節(jié)的可生物降解膠粘劑
▲ 作者：ZHEN ZHANG, ETHAN C. QUINN, JACOB K. KENNY, ALEXANDRA GRIGOROPOULOS, JASON S. DESVEAUX, TIFFANY CHEN, LI ZHOU, TING XU, GREGG T. BECKHAM, AND EUGENE Y.-X. CHEN
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr7175
▲摘要：
從膠帶到膠水，粘合劑被廣泛應(yīng)用于各種場合。大多數(shù)是典型的石油基熱固性網(wǎng)絡(luò)或不可生物降解的熱塑性熱熔膠。研究者使用一組釔基、鑭基和磷基催化劑合成了一系列具有不同分子量、微觀結(jié)構(gòu)和戰(zhàn)術(shù)的聚合物——聚3-羥基丁酸酯（P3HBs）。
非晶聚合物往往更粘，但也更弱，而晶體聚合物在流動和填充表面不規(guī)則性方面很差，而這是形成強(qiáng)鍵的關(guān)鍵。研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，半結(jié)晶的富二代P3HB不僅提供了最好的附著力，而且還優(yōu)于許多商業(yè)替代品。由于P3HBs能夠由細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生，并且可以生物降解，因此有可能以可持續(xù)的方式生產(chǎn)這些粘合劑。
▲ Abstract：
From tapes to glues, adhesives are used in a wide range of applications and situations. Most are typically petroleum-based thermoset networks or nonbiodegradable thermoplastic hot melts. Zhang et al. used a set of yttrium-, lanthanum-, and phosphorus-based catalysts to synthesize a series of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) polymers (P3HBs) with different molecular weights, microstructures, and tacticities. Amorphous polymers tend to be stickier but also weaker, whereas crystalline ones are poor at flowing and filling surface irregularities, which is key to forming a strong bond. The authors found that semicrystalline syndio-rich P3HB not only provides the best adhesion, but can also outperform many commercial alternatives. Because P3HBs are able to be produced by bacteria and can be biodegradable, it may be possible to produce these adhesives in a sustainable way.
生物學(xué)Biology
A panoramic view of cell population dynamics in mammalian aging
哺乳動物衰老過程中細(xì)胞種群動態(tài)的全景視圖
▲ 作者：ZEHAO ZHANG, CHLOE SCHAEFER, WEIRONG JIANG, ZIYU LU, JASPER LEE, ANDRAS SZIRAKI, ABDULRAOUF ABDULRAOUF, BRITTNEY WICK, MAXIMILIAN HAEUSSLER, AND JUNYUE CAO
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn3949
▲摘要：
衰老是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程，導(dǎo)致組織和細(xì)胞類型的功能變化。利用單核RNA測序，這些變化開始被記錄在整個(gè)生物體的生命周期中。Zhang等人在一種常用的小鼠品系和兩種免疫缺陷品系及其野生型對應(yīng)品系中生成了跨越多個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的細(xì)胞圖譜，并對這些時(shí)間點(diǎn)上細(xì)胞群體的變化和細(xì)胞類型內(nèi)表達(dá)的變化進(jìn)行了分類。
在研究免疫補(bǔ)體減少的作用時(shí)，作者發(fā)現(xiàn)，在缺乏這些成年淋巴細(xì)胞的情況下，某些腸上皮細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加。這項(xiàng)研究為研究衰老的研究人員提供了資源，特別是在免疫缺陷的背景下。
▲ Abstract：
Aging is a complex process that results in functional changes across tissues and cell types. These changes are beginning to be documented across organismal lifespans using single-nuclei RNA sequencing. Zhang et al. generated cell atlases across multiple time points in both a commonly used mouse strain and two immunodeficient strains and their wild-type counterparts, cataloging changes in cell populations and expression changes within cell types over these time points. Investigating the role of a diminished immune complement, the authors found that certain intestinal epithelial populations increased in the absence of these adult lymphocytes. This study provides a resource for researchers studying aging, particularly in the context of immunodeficiency.
Evolution of interorganismal strigolactone biosynthesis in seed plants
種子植物間獨(dú)角麥內(nèi)酯生物合成的進(jìn)化
▲ 作者：ANQI ZHOU, ANNALISE KANE, SHENG WU, KAIBIAO WANG, MICHELL SANTIAGO, YUI ISHIGURO, KAORI YONEYAMA, MALATHY PALAYAM, NITZAN SHABEK, AND YANRAN LI
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp0779
▲摘要：
己糖內(nèi)酯（SLs）是一種小的信號分子，參與與其他植物和土壤微生物的信號傳遞，并參與植物的生長發(fā)育。雖然對SL的功能作用已經(jīng)有了很好的描述，但對種子植物中SL生物合成的進(jìn)化卻知之甚少。研究者利用合成生物學(xué)方法鑒定了細(xì)胞色素P450酶CYP722C的功能，該酶催化卡拉內(nèi)酯酸（CLA）轉(zhuǎn)化為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)SLs的關(guān)鍵步驟。
CYP722A是CYP722C的進(jìn)化前身，可將CLA轉(zhuǎn)化為非規(guī)范的SL-16-羥基CLA，主要存在于莖中，并參與控制莖的分支。16-羥基cla通過兩種酶轉(zhuǎn)化為其他可能的生物活性形式的SLs，因此CYP722A的生物合成被認(rèn)為是典型SLs進(jìn)化的關(guān)鍵步驟。
▲ Abstract：
Strigolactones (SLs) are small signaling molecules that are involved in signaling with other plants and soil microbes and in plant growth and development. Although the functional roles of SLs are well characterized, less is known about the evolution of SL biosynthesis in seed plants. Zhou et al. leveraged a synthetic biology approach to identify the function of a cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP722C, that catalyzes a critical step in the conversion of carlactonoic acid (CLA) to canonical SLs. CYP722A, an evolutionary predecessor of CYP722C, converts CLA into a noncanonical SL, 16-hydroxy-CLA, that is primarily detected in shoots and involved in control of shoot branching. 16-hydroxy-CLA is converted to other likely bioactive forms of SLs by two enzymes, so its biosynthesis by CYP722A is proposed to be a critical step in the evolution of canonical SLs.
氣候Climate
Climate change and the cost-of-living squeeze in desert lizards
氣候變化和沙漠蜥蜴的生存壓力
▲ 作者：KRISTOFFER H. WILD, RAYMOND B. HUEY, ERIC R. PIANKA, SUSANA CLUSELLA-TRULLAS, ANTHONY L. GILBERT, DONALD B. MILES, AND MICHAEL R. KEARNEY
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq4372
▲摘要：
氣候變暖可能導(dǎo)致變溫動物的生活成本“擠壓”，因?yàn)樗黾恿四芰肯模瑫r(shí)減少了覓食收益。研究者使用生物物理模型對非洲和澳大利亞沙漠中的10種生態(tài)多樣性蜥蜴進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證，發(fā)現(xiàn)歷史上的變暖（1950—2020年）在非洲比在澳大利亞更強(qiáng)烈，轉(zhuǎn)化為對非洲晝夜活動物種的能量擠壓。
雖然沒有觀察到對澳大利亞晝夜活動物種的凈影響，但研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，變暖對夜間活動物種產(chǎn)生了能量“緩解”。未來變暖對非洲的影響將比澳大利亞更嚴(yán)重，需要增加食物攝取率（白天活動的物種每小時(shí)增加10%）。因此，氣候變暖對沙漠蜥蜴能量收支的影響將是特定物種的，但可能是可預(yù)測的。
▲ Abstract：
Climate warming can induce a cost-of-living “squeeze” in ectotherms by increasing energetic expenditures while reducing foraging gains. We used biophysical models (validated by 2685 field observations) to test this hypothesis for 10 ecologically diverse lizards in African and Australian deserts. Historical warming (1950–2020) has been more intense in Africa than in Australia, translating to an energetic squeeze for African diurnal species. Although no net impact on Australian diurnal species was observed, warming generated an energetic “relief” (by increasing foraging time) for nocturnal species. Future warming impacts will be more severe in Africa than in Australia, requiring increased rates of food intake (+10% per hour active for diurnal species). The effects of climate warming on desert lizard energy budgets will thus be species-specific but potentially predictable.
Drought in a warmer, CO2-rich climate restricts grassland water use and soil water mixing
溫暖、富含二氧化碳的氣候中，干旱限制了草地的用水和土壤水的混合
▲ 作者：JESSE RADOLINSKI, MATEVZ VREMEC, HERBERT WACHTER, STEFFEN BIRK, NICOLAS BRüGGEMANN, MARKUS HERNDL, ANSGAR KAHMEN, DANIEL B. NELSON, ANGELIKA KüBERT, AND MICHAEL BAHN
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado0734
▲摘要：
土壤水維持著地球上的生命，但在氣候變化的情況下，它的命運(yùn)是不確定的。研究者進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)氘標(biāo)記實(shí)驗(yàn)，以確定大氣二氧化碳升高、變暖和干旱是否會影響溫帶草原土壤水分的儲存和運(yùn)輸。與環(huán)境條件相比，升高的二氧化碳使根區(qū)更加濕潤，而變暖則降低了土壤水分。
除了夏季干旱、氣候變暖和二氧化碳濃度升高外，在所有全球變化處理中，土壤水分保持良好混合。這些組合處理使草地保持水分，限制土壤水分流向快速排水的大孔隙，而不與緩慢排水的小孔隙混合。研究結(jié)果表明，在更溫暖、更富二氧化碳的氣候條件下，干旱會通過限制干旱后土壤水流和草地水分利用來嚴(yán)重改變草地生態(tài)水文。
▲ Abstract：
Soil water sustains terrestrial life, yet its fate is uncertain under a changing climate. We conducted a deuterium labeling experiment to determine whether elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), warming, and drought impact soil water storage and transport in a temperate grassland. Elevated CO2 created a wetter rootzone compared with ambient conditions, whereas warming decreased soil moisture. Soil water remained well mixed in all global change treatments except for summer drought combined with warming and elevated CO2. These combined treatments caused the grassland to conserve water and restricted soil water flow to large, rapidly draining pores without mixing with small, slowly draining pores. Our results suggest that drought in a warmer, more CO2-rich climate can severely alter grassland ecohydrology by constraining postdrought soil water flow and grassland water use.
本文鏈接：《科學(xué)》（20250117出版）一周論文導(dǎo)讀http://www.lensthegame.com/show-11-16554-0.html
聲明：本網(wǎng)站為非營利性網(wǎng)站，本網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容由互聯(lián)網(wǎng)博主自發(fā)貢獻(xiàn)，不代表本站觀點(diǎn)，本站不承擔(dān)任何法律責(zé)任。天上不會到餡餅，請大家謹(jǐn)防詐騙！若有侵權(quán)等問題請及時(shí)與本網(wǎng)聯(lián)系，我們將在第一時(shí)間刪除處理。