編譯｜馮維維
Science, 15 December 2023, Volume 382, Issue 6676
《科學》，2023年12月15日，第382卷，6676期
物理學Physics
Emission and coherent control of Levitons in graphene
石墨烯中列維子的發射和相干控制
▲ 作者：A. ASSOULINE, L. PUGLIESE, H. CHAKRABORTI, SEUNGHUN LEE, L. BERNABEU, M. JO, K. WATANABE, T. TANIGUCHI, D. C. GLATTLI, AND P. ROULLEAU
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf9887
▲ 摘要：
量子比特是量子計算機的組成部分，通常在固定的實體中實現，如捕獲離子或量子點。傳播量子信息的工作通常交給光子。然而，光子不會相互作用，使用電子實現傳播“飛行”而量子比特是有利的。
研究者通過在單層石墨烯中制備和控制單電子飛行量子比特態實現了這一目標。
▲ Abstract：
Qubits, the building blocks of quantum computers, are usually implemented in stationary entities such as trapped ions or quantum dots. The job of propagating quantum information is usually given to photons. However, photons do not interact with each other, and it would be advantageous to implement a propagating (“flying”) qubit using electrons. Assouline et al. achieved this goal by preparing and controlling single-electron flying qubit states in monolayer graphene.
Low voltage–driven high-performance thermal switching in antiferroelectric PbZrO3 thin films
反鐵電PbZrO3 薄膜中低壓驅動的高性能熱開關
▲ 作者：CHENHAN LIU, YANGYANG SI, HUA ZHANG, CHAO WU, SHIQING DENG, YONGQI DONG, MENG ZHUO, NINGBO FAN, AND ZUHUANG CHEN
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj9669
▲ 摘要：
通過開關器件控制熱傳輸具有挑戰性，因為快速改變材料的熱特性具有難度。研究者證明了用小電壓控制氧化鋯鉛可以制成熱敏開關。
在電場的作用下，材料可以從反鐵電性轉變為鐵電性，極大地改變了材料的熱性能。這個開關在一個方向上改變了兩倍的熱傳輸，創造了一個有用的熱開關。
▲ Abstract：
Controlling thermal transport by switching devices is challenging because rapidly changing a material’s thermal properties is difficult. Liu et al. demonstrate that a thermal switch can be made from lead zirconium oxide controlled with a small voltage. The material can be changed from antiferroelectric to ferroelectric with an electric field that also dramatically changes the thermal properties. This switch changes the thermal transport by a factor of two in one direction, creating a useful thermal switch.
An observed population of intermediate-mass helium stars that have been stripped in binaries
在雙星中被剝離的中等質量氦恒星的觀測群
▲ 作者：M. R. DROUT , Y. G?TBERG , B. A. LUDWIG, J. H. GROH, S. E. DE MINK, A. J. G. O’GRADY, AND N. SMITH
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade4970
▲ 摘要：
大質量恒星富含氫的外層可以通過與雙星伴星的相互作用而被移除。理論模型預測這種剝離會產生2到8個太陽質量的熱氦恒星，然而，到目前為止，只有一個這樣的系統被確定。
研究者使用紫外光度法來識別潛在的剝離氦星，然后使用光譜學對其中的25顆進行了研究。他們發現了溫度高（~6萬到10萬開爾文）、表面重力大、表面氫耗盡的恒星；16顆恒星也表現出雙星運動。這些性質符合對初始質量為8到25個太陽質量的恒星的期望，這些恒星被雙星相互作用剝離。
它們的質量落在亞矮星氦星和沃爾夫—拉葉星之間。研究者提出這些恒星可能是剝離包層超新星的祖先。
▲ Abstract：
The hydrogen-rich outer layers of massive stars can be removed by interactions with a binary companion. Theoretical models predict that this stripping produces a population of hot helium stars of ~2 to 8 solar masses (M☉), however, only one such system has been identified thus far. We used ultraviolet photometry to identify potential stripped helium stars then investigated 25 of them using optical spectroscopy. We identified stars with high temperatures (~60,000 to 100,000 kelvin), high surface gravities, and hydrogen-depleted surfaces; 16 stars also showed binary motion. These properties match expectations for stars with initial masses of 8 to 25 M☉ that were stripped by binary interaction. Their masses fall in the gap between subdwarf helium stars and Wolf-Rayet stars. We propose that these stars could be progenitors of stripped-envelope supernovae.
Self-sustaining personal all-day thermoregulatory clothing using only sunlight
只使用陽光的全天候體溫調節服裝
▲ 作者：ZIYUAN WANG, YIWEN BO, PEIJIA BAI, SHUCHAO ZHANG, GUANGHUI LI, XIANGJIAN WAN, YONGSHENG LIU , RUJUN MA , AND YONGSHENG CHEN
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj3654
▲ 摘要：
為了舒適和安全，人體必須保持在一定的溫度范圍內。然而，溫度調節服的挑戰存在于惡劣的應用場景，如全晝夜循環，寒冷的極地地區和太空旅行。
研究者通過集成柔性有機光伏（OPV）模塊直接從陽光和雙向電熱（EC）設備中獲取能量，開發了一種靈活且可持續的個人體溫調節服裝系統。柔性OPV—EC熱調節服（OETC）可將人體熱舒適區從22℃~28℃擴展到12.5℃~37.6℃，溫度調節速率快。
EC裝置的低能耗和高效率允許24小時可控和雙模式溫度調節，12小時的陽光能量輸入。該自供電可穿戴式體溫調節平臺結構簡單、設計緊湊、效率高、自適應性強，以太陽光為唯一能源。
▲ Abstract：
The human body must stay within a certain temperature range for comfort and safety. However, challenges for thermoregulatory clothing exist for harsh application scenarios, such as full day/night cycles, frigid polar regions, and space travel. We developed a flexible and sustainable personal thermoregulatory clothing system by integrating a flexible organic photovoltaic (OPV) module to directly acquire energy from sunlight and bidirectional electrocaloric (EC) devices. The flexible OPV-EC thermoregulatory clothing (OETC) can extend the human thermal comfort zone from 22°–28°C to 12.5°–37.6°C with a fast thermoregulation rate. The low energy consumption and high efficiency of the EC device allows for 24 hours of controllable and dual-mode thermoregulation with 12 hours of sunlight energy input. This self-powered wearable thermoregulatory platform has a simple structure, compact design, high efficiency, and strong self-adaptability with sunlight as the sole energy source.
化學Chemistry
Iodine oxoacids enhance nucleation of sulfuric acid particles in the atmosphere
碘氧酸促進大氣中硫酸顆粒的成核
▲ 作者：XU-CHENG HE, MARIO SIMON, SIDDHARTH IYER, HONG-BIN XIE, BIRTE R?RUP, JIALI SHEN, HENNING FINKENZELLER, DOMINIK STOLZENBURG, RONGJIE ZHANG, AND MARKKU KULMALA
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh2526
▲ 摘要：
海洋上空的空氣中，氨是形成過程中重要的一種物質，但含量并不豐富，新粒子是如何形成的？研究者報告說，在海洋環境中豐富的碘氧酸，可以大幅增加在原始海洋和極地地區常見的低氨條件下新顆粒形成的速度。
這種效應在低空海洋層積云中可能特別重要，因為層積云將入射太陽輻射的很大一部分反射回空間，對全球輻射平衡和氣候具有重要影響。
▲ Abstract：
How are new particles formed in the air above the oceans, where ammonia, an important species in the process, is not very abundant? He et al. report that iodine oxoacids, which are plentiful in marine environments, can substantially increase the rate of new particle formation in the low-ammonia conditions commonly found in pristine marine and polar regions. This effect could be particularly important in low-level marine stratocumulus clouds, which reflect a large fraction of incident solar radiation back into space and have an important influence on global radiation balance and climate.
生物化學Biochemistry
Light-gated channelrhodopsin sparks proton-induced calcium release in guard cells
光門控通道視紫紅質激發保護細胞中質子誘導的鈣釋放
▲ 作者：SHOUGUANG HUANG, LIKE SHEN, M. ROB G. ROELFSEMA, DIRK BECKER, AND RAINER HEDRICH
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj9696
▲ 摘要：
質子（H+）和鈣離子（Ca2+）經常穿梭于細胞膜并作為信號。在植物中，質子高度積聚在細胞外空間，而Ca2+儲存可以在內質網和其他細胞室中發現。胞質中的H+和Ca2+濃度在信號事件中經常密切相關。
研究者將原生生物衍生的光門控離子通道引入植物細胞，允許H+而不是Ca2+的選擇性運輸。他們發現，誘導H+轉運到細胞質中導致隨后的Ca2+釋放。這項研究建立了細胞內pH值和保護細胞中Ca2+信號之間的因果關系，并為在其他情況下操縱離子運動提供了新的工具。
▲ Abstract：
Protons (H+) and calcium ions (Ca2+) are often shuttled across cellular membranes and act as signals. In plants, protons accumulate highly in the extracellular space, whereas Ca2+ stores can be found in the endoplasmic reticulum and other cellular compartments. H+ and Ca2+ concentrations in the cytoplasm are often closely correlated during signaling events. Huang et al. introduced a light-gated protist-derived ion channel into plant cells, allowing selective transport of H+ but not Ca2+. They found that induction of H+ transport into the cytoplasm led to subsequent Ca2+ release. This work establishes a causal relationship between intracellular pH and Ca2+ signaling in guard cells and offers a new tool for manipulating ion movement in other contexts.
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