編譯 | 李言
Nature, 1 February 2024, Volume 626 Issue 7997
《自然》, 2024年2月1日，第626卷，7997期
物理學(xué)Physics
Observation of interband Berry phase in laser-driven crystals
激光驅(qū)動(dòng)晶體中的帶間貝里相位的觀察
▲ 作者：Ayelet J. Uzan-Narovlansky, Lior Faeyrman et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06828-5
▲ 摘要：
在此，我們演示了驅(qū)動(dòng)晶體中貝里相位的一種新表現(xiàn)，其中電子波函數(shù)在不同波段之間的離散演化過(guò)程中積累幾何相位，同時(shí)保持過(guò)程的相干性。
我們通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)揭示了這一相位，通過(guò)使用強(qiáng)激光場(chǎng)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)部干涉儀，在不到一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)場(chǎng)的周期內(nèi)誘導(dǎo)，將相位映射到高次諧波的發(fā)射上。
我們的工作為幾何相位的研究提供了機(jī)會(huì)，可以便于在光驅(qū)動(dòng)拓?fù)洮F(xiàn)象和阿秒固體物理中進(jìn)行各種觀測(cè)。
▲ Abstract：
Here we introduce and demonstrate a conceptually new manifestation of the Berry phase in light-driven crystals, in which the electronic wavefunction accumulates a geometric phase during a discrete evolution between different bands, while preserving the coherence of the process. We experimentally reveal this phase by using a strong laser field to engineer an internal interferometer, induced during less than one cycle of the driving field, which maps the phase onto the emission of higher-order harmonics. Our work provides an opportunity for the study of geometric phases, leading to a variety of observations in light-driven topological phenomena and attosecond solid-state physics.
材料科學(xué)Materials Science
High-quality semiconductor fibres via mechanical design
通過(guò)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制備高質(zhì)量半導(dǎo)體纖維
▲ 作者：Zhixun Wang, Zhe Wang et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06946-0
▲ 摘要：
在此，我們通過(guò)研究纖維形成的三個(gè)階段（粘性流動(dòng)、芯結(jié)晶和隨后的冷卻）的應(yīng)力發(fā)展和毛細(xì)不穩(wěn)定性，報(bào)告了一種可以實(shí)現(xiàn)超長(zhǎng)、無(wú)斷裂和無(wú)擾動(dòng)無(wú)機(jī)半導(dǎo)體纖維的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)。
然后，可以將暴露的半導(dǎo)體線(xiàn)集成到單一的柔性光纖中，并與金屬電極具有良好的接口，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)光電光纖和大規(guī)模光電織物。這項(xiàng)研究提供了極端力學(xué)和流體動(dòng)力學(xué)的見(jiàn)解，這些幾何形狀在傳統(tǒng)平臺(tái)中是無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的，從而解決了對(duì)柔性和可穿戴光電子器件日益增長(zhǎng)的需求。
▲ Abstract：
Here we report a mechanical design to achieve ultralong, fracture-free and perturbation-free semiconductor fibres, guided by a study on stress development and capillary instability at three stages of the fibre formation: the viscous flow, the core crystallization and the subsequent cooling stage. Then, the exposed semiconductor wires can be integrated into a single flexible fibre with well-defined interfaces with metal electrodes, thereby achieving optoelectronic fibres and large-scale optoelectronic fabrics. This work provides fundamental insights into extreme mechanics and fluid dynamics with geometries that are inaccessible in traditional platforms, essentially addressing the increasing demand for flexible and wearable optoelectronics.
化學(xué)Chemistry
Structural transition and migration of incoherent twin boundary in diamond
金剛石中非共格孿晶界的結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變與遷移
▲ 作者：Ke Tong, Xiang Zhang, Zihe Li et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06908-6
▲ 摘要：
在此，我們報(bào)告了在室溫下金剛石中六種非共格孿晶界（ITB）特征和結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變的原子觀察，顯示了不同于金屬系統(tǒng)的位錯(cuò)介導(dǎo)機(jī)制。主導(dǎo)ITBs不對(duì)稱(chēng)且流動(dòng)性較差，對(duì)納米孿晶金剛石的持續(xù)硬化起重要作用。
我們的研究結(jié)果揭示了金剛石和共價(jià)材料中的晶界行為，指出了開(kāi)發(fā)高性能納米孿晶材料的新策略。
▲ Abstract：
Here we report atomic observations of six ITB configurations and structural transitions in diamond at room temperature, showing a dislocation-mediated mechanism different from metallic systems. The dominant ITBs are asymmetric and less mobile, contributing strongly to continuous hardening in nanotwinned diamond. The potential driving forces of ITB activities are discussed. Our findings shed new light on GB behaviour in diamond and covalent materials, pointing to a new strategy for development of high-performance, nanotwinned materials.
Durable CO2 conversion in the proton-exchange membrane system
質(zhì)子交換膜系統(tǒng)中持久的二氧化碳轉(zhuǎn)化
▲ 作者：Wensheng Fang, Wei Guo, Ruihu Lu et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06917-5
▲ 摘要：
在此，我們開(kāi)發(fā)了一種質(zhì)子交換膜系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)在源自廢鉛酸電池的催化劑下將二氧化碳還原為甲酸，其中晶格碳活化機(jī)制起作用。當(dāng)二氧化碳還原與氫氧化耦合時(shí)，甲酸法拉第效率超過(guò)93%。
該系統(tǒng)與啟動(dòng)/關(guān)閉過(guò)程兼容，在電流密度為600 mA cm-2和電池電壓為2.2 V的情況下，二氧化碳的單通轉(zhuǎn)換效率接近91%，連續(xù)工作時(shí)間超過(guò)5200小時(shí)。我們期望通過(guò)使用強(qiáng)大而高效的催化劑、穩(wěn)定的三相界面和耐用的膜，這種卓越的性能將有助于推動(dòng)碳中和技術(shù)的發(fā)展。
▲ Abstract：
Herein we develop a proton-exchange membrane system that reduces CO2 to formic acid at a catalyst that is derived from waste lead–acid batteries and in which a lattice carbon activation mechanism contributes. When coupling CO2 reduction with hydrogen oxidation, formic acid is produced with over 93% Faradaic efficiency. The system is compatible with start-up/shut-down processes, achieves nearly 91% single-pass conversion efficiency for CO2 at a current density of 600 mA cm-2 and cell voltage of 2.2 V and is shown to operate continuously for more than 5,200 h. We expect that this exceptional performance, enabled by the use of a robust and efficient catalyst, stable three-phase interface and durable membrane, will help advance the development of carbon-neutral technologies.
Stereodivergent 1,3-difunctionalization of alkenes by charge relocation
通過(guò)電荷重定位研究烯烴立體發(fā)散1,3-雙官能化
▲ 作者：Bogdan R. Brutiu, Giulia Iannelli et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06938-0
▲ 摘要：
在此，我們介紹一種基于名為“電荷重定位”概念的1,3-烯烴直接雙官能團(tuán)化方法，該方法可以使未活化的烯烴以立體發(fā)散的方式獲得正構(gòu)或反構(gòu)的1,3-雙官能團(tuán)化產(chǎn)物，而不需要定向基團(tuán)或穩(wěn)定特征。該方法的有效性在肺毒素4-ipomeanol及其衍生物的合成中得到了證明。
▲ Abstract：
Here we introduce a method for the direct 1,3-difunctionalization of alkenes, based on a concept termed ‘charge relocation’, which enables stereodivergent access to 1,3-difunctionalized products of either syn- or anti-configuration from unactivated alkenes, without the need for directing groups or stabilizing features. The usefulness of the approach is demonstrated in the synthesis of the pulmonary toxin 4-ipomeanol and its derivatives.
生態(tài)學(xué)Ecology
Top-predator recovery abates geomorphic decline of a coastal ecosystem
頂級(jí)捕食者復(fù)蘇減緩了沿海生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的地貌退化
▲ 作者：Brent B. Hughes, Kathryn M. Beheshti et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06959-9
▲ 摘要：
在此，我們將觀測(cè)和實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)合起來(lái)，揭示了海獺在美國(guó)河口的重新定居產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)營(yíng)養(yǎng)級(jí)聯(lián)，促進(jìn)了沿海濕地植物的生物量，抑制了沼澤邊緣的侵蝕，否則這一過(guò)程會(huì)導(dǎo)致棲息地和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的嚴(yán)重喪失。
幾十年來(lái)對(duì)Elkhorn Slough河口的監(jiān)測(cè)表明，該系統(tǒng)中存在自上而下的控制，因?yàn)楸M管系統(tǒng)中的物理壓力（即營(yíng)養(yǎng)負(fù)荷、海平面上升和潮汐沖刷）持續(xù)增加，但隨著海獺數(shù)量的增加，鹽沼邊緣的侵蝕總體上有所減緩。在5條沼澤小溪中進(jìn)行的捕食者排除實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，海獺抑制了穴居蟹的數(shù)量，這是一種自上而下的效應(yīng)，它增加了沼澤邊緣的強(qiáng)度，減少了沼澤的侵蝕。
多條溪流的調(diào)查比較了海獺定居前后的沼澤溪，證實(shí)了關(guān)鍵海獺、穴居蟹和沼澤溪之間存在相互作用，證明了捕食者控制生態(tài)系統(tǒng)邊緣過(guò)程的空間普遍性：在海獺重新定居水平較高的小溪中，穴居蟹的密度和邊緣侵蝕明顯下降。這些結(jié)果表明，營(yíng)養(yǎng)退化可能是導(dǎo)致沿海濕地喪失的一個(gè)重要、但未被充分認(rèn)識(shí)的因素，這表明頂級(jí)捕食者的復(fù)蘇有助于重建地貌穩(wěn)定性。
▲ Abstract：
Here we combine observational and experimental data to reveal that recolonization of sea otters in a US estuary generates a trophic cascade that facilitates coastal wetland plant biomass and suppresses the erosion of marsh edges—a process that otherwise leads to the severe loss of habitats and ecosystem services. Monitoring of the Elkhorn Slough estuary over several decades suggested top-down control in the system, because the erosion of salt marsh edges has generally slowed with increasing sea otter abundance, despite the consistently increasing physical stress in the system (that is, nutrient loading, sea-level rise and tidal scour). Predator-exclusion experiments in five marsh creeks revealed that sea otters suppress the abundance of burrowing crabs, a top-down effect that cascades to both increase marsh edge strength and reduce marsh erosion. Multi-creek surveys comparing marsh creeks pre- and post-sea otter colonization confirmed the presence of an interaction between the keystone sea otter, burrowing crabs and marsh creeks, demonstrating the spatial generality of predator control of ecosystem edge processes: densities of burrowing crabs and edge erosion have declined markedly in creeks that have high levels of sea otter recolonization. These results show that trophic downgrading could be a strong but underappreciated contributor to the loss of coastal wetlands, and suggest that restoring top predators can help to re-establish geomorphic stability.
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