編譯|未玖
Science, 10 JAN 2025, VOL 387, ISSUE 6730
《科學(xué)》2025年1月10日，第387卷，6730期
物理學(xué)Physics
Photonic axion insulator
光子軸子絕緣體
▲ 作者：GUI-GENG LIU, SUBHASKAR MANDAL, XIANG XI, QIANG WANG, CHIARA DEVESCOVI, ANTONIO MORALES-PéREZ, ET AL.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr5234
▲摘要：
軸子是一種假設(shè)的基本粒子，在自然界中無法探測到，其可以作為準(zhǔn)粒子出現(xiàn)在被稱為軸子絕緣體的三維晶體中。先前軸子絕緣體的實(shí)現(xiàn)在很大程度上局限于二維系統(tǒng)，在實(shí)驗(yàn)中尚未探索其三維拓?fù)涮匦浴?span style="display:none">zup流量資訊——探索最新科技、每天知道多一點(diǎn)LLSUM.COM
研究組在三維光子晶體中實(shí)現(xiàn)了一種軸子絕緣子，并研究了其拓?fù)湫再|(zhì)。實(shí)驗(yàn)演示的特征包括每個表面上類似于分?jǐn)?shù)陳氏絕緣子的半量子化陳數(shù)，在三維中形成拓?fù)漭斶\(yùn)的單向手性鉸鏈態(tài)，以及分?jǐn)?shù)陳數(shù)和整數(shù)陳數(shù)之間的算術(shù)運(yùn)算。
該工作通過實(shí)驗(yàn)將軸子絕緣體確立為物質(zhì)的三維拓?fù)湎?，并?shí)現(xiàn)了手性態(tài)通過編織形成復(fù)雜的單向三維網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
▲ Abstract：
Axions, hypothetical elementary particles that remain undetectable in nature, can arise as quasiparticles in three-dimensional crystals known as axion insulators. Previous implementations of axion insulators have largely been limited to two-dimensional systems, leaving their topological properties in three dimensions unexplored in experiment. Here, we realize an axion insulator in a three-dimensional photonic crystal and probe its topological properties. Demonstrated features include half-quantized Chern numbers on each surface that resembles a fractional Chern insulator, unidirectional chiral hinge states forming topological transport in three dimensions, and arithmetic operations between fractional and integer Chern numbers. Our work experimentally establishes the axion insulator as a three-dimensional topological phase of matter and enables chiral states to form complex, unidirectional three-dimensional networks through braiding.
Quadruple-band synglisis enables high thermoelectric efficiency in earth-abundant tin sulfide crystals
四能帶合成使地球儲量豐富的硫化錫晶體具有高熱電效率
▲ 作者：SHAN LIU, SHULIN BAI, YI WEN, JING LOU, YONGZHEN JIANG, YINGCAI ZHU, ET AL.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado1133
▲摘要：
熱電材料一直受到其組成元素稀缺的限制，尤其是碲化物。地球上儲量豐富的寬禁帶（Eg≈46 kBT）硫化錫（SnS）在晶體形態(tài)上表現(xiàn)出頗具前景的性能。
研究組通過促進(jìn)四個價帶的能量和動量輻合來提高SnS晶體的熱電效率，稱為四能帶合成。他們在硒（Se）合金SnS中引入了更多的Sn空位來激活四能帶合成，并通過誘導(dǎo)SnS2來促進(jìn)載流子的傳輸，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)p型SnS晶體在300 K溫度下約1.0的高無量綱品質(zhì)系數(shù)（ZT），在300 K~ 773 K溫度下的平均ZT為1.3。
研究組進(jìn)一步獲得了6.5%的實(shí)驗(yàn)效率，其制造的冷卻器在353 K時的最大冷卻溫差為48.4 K。該發(fā)現(xiàn)有望引起人們對地球上儲量豐富的SnS晶體在廢熱回收和熱電冷卻方面應(yīng)用的興趣。
▲ Abstract：
Thermoelectrics have been limited by the scarcity of their constituent elements, especially telluride. The earth-abundant, wide-bandgap (Eg ≈ 46 kBT) tin sulfide (SnS) has shown promising performance in its crystal form. We improved the thermoelectric efficiency in SnS crystals by promoting the convergence of energy and momentum of fo
ur valance bands, termed quadruple-band synglisis. We introduced more Sn vacancies to activate quadruple-band synglisis and facilitate carrier transport by inducing SnS2 in selenium (Se)–alloyed SnS, leading to a high dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) of ~1.0 at 300 kelvin and an average ZT of ~1.3 at 300 to 773 kelvin in p-type SnS crystals. We further obtained an experimental efficiency of ~6.5%, and our fabricated cooler demonstrated a maximum cooling temperature difference of ~48.4 kelvin at 353 kelvin. Our observations should draw interest to earth-abundant SnS crystals for applications of waste-heat recovery and thermoelectric cooling.
材料科學(xué)Materials Science
Building materials could store more than 16 billion tonnes of CO2annually
建筑材料每年可儲存超過160億噸的CO2
▲ 作者：ELISABETH VAN ROIJEN, SABBIE A. MILLER AND STEVEN J. DAVIS
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq8594
▲摘要：
實(shí)現(xiàn)溫室氣體凈零排放可能不僅需要減少排放，還需要有效利用二氧化碳（CO2）去除技術(shù)。
研究組探索了每年在建筑材料中儲存CO2的潛力。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，在新的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施中，用CO2儲存替代品完全取代傳統(tǒng)建筑材料，每年可儲存多達(dá)166±28億噸CO2——約占2021年人為CO2排放量的50%。
總儲存潛力對所用材料的規(guī)模比對單位質(zhì)量材料儲存的碳量更敏感。此外，建筑材料的碳儲存庫將與對這些材料的需求成比例增長，有望減少對成本更高或環(huán)境風(fēng)險更大的地質(zhì)、陸地或海洋儲存的需求。
▲ Abstract：
Achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions likely entails not only lowering emissions but also deploying carbon dioxide (CO2) removal technologies. We explored the annual potential to store CO2 in building materials. We found that fully replacing conventional building materials with CO2-storing alternatives in new infrastructure could store as much as 16.6 ± 2.8 billion tonnes of CO2 each year—roughly 50% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions in 2021. The total storage potential is far more sensitive to the scale of materials used than the quantity of carbon stored per unit mass of materials. Moreover, the carbon storage reservoir of building materials will grow in proportion to demand for such materials, which could reduce demand for more costly or environmentally risky geological, terrestrial, or ocean storage.
Wafer-scale monolayer MoS2 film integration for stable, efficient perovskite solar cells
晶圓級單層MoS2膜集成助力穩(wěn)定、高效的鈣鈦礦太陽能電池
▲ 作者：HUACHAO ZAI, PENGFEI YANG, JIE SU, RUIYANG YIN, RUNDONG FAN, YUETONG WU, ET AL.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado2351
▲摘要：
鈣鈦礦太陽能電池（PSCs）商業(yè)化的主要挑戰(zhàn)之一是實(shí)現(xiàn)高功率轉(zhuǎn)換效率（PCE）和足夠的穩(wěn)定性。
研究組通過轉(zhuǎn)移工藝將晶圓級連續(xù)單層MoS2緩沖膜集成至鈣鈦礦層的頂部和底部。這些膜在物理上阻止了鈣鈦礦離子遷移到載流子輸運(yùn)層，并通過強(qiáng)配位相互作用在化學(xué)上穩(wěn)定了甲脒-碘化鉛相。
有效的化學(xué)鈍化源于Pb-S鍵的形成，少數(shù)載流子通過I型帶排列被阻擋。MoS2/鈣鈦礦/MoS2配置的平面p-i-n PSCs（0.074平方厘米）和模塊（9.6平方厘米）的PCE分別高達(dá)26.2%（經(jīng)認(rèn)證的穩(wěn)態(tài)PCE為25.9%）和22.8%。
此外，該器件表現(xiàn)出優(yōu)異的濕熱（85℃和85%相對濕度）穩(wěn)定性，1200小時后PCE損失<5%，且在高溫（85℃）下運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定性顯著，1200小時后PCE損失<4%。
▲ Abstract：
One of the primary challenges in commercializing perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is achieving both high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and sufficient stability. We integrate wafer-scale continuous monolayer MoS2 buffers at the top and bottom of a perovskite layer through a transfer process. These films physically block ion migration of perovskite into carrier transport layers and chemically stabilize the formamidinium lead iodide phase through strong coordination interaction. Effective chemical passivation results from the formation of Pb-S bonds, and minority carriers are blocked through a type-I band alignment. Planar p-i-n PSCs (0.074 square centimeters) and modules (9.6 square centimeters) with MoS2/perovskite/MoS2 configuration achieve PCEs up to 26.2% (certified steady-state PCE of 25.9%) and 22.8%, respectively. Moreover, the devices show excellent damp heat (85°C and 85% relative humidity) stability with <5% PCE loss after 1200 hours and notable high temperature (85°C) operational stability with <4% PCE loss after 1200 hours.
化學(xué)Chemistry
BFluorine-rich poly(arylene amine) membranes for the separation of liquid aliphatic compounds
富氟聚芳胺膜助力分離液態(tài)脂肪族化合物
▲ 作者：YI REN, HUI MA, JINSU KIM, MOHAMMED AL OTMI, PING LIN, CHANGHUI DAI, ET AL.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp2619
▲摘要：
研究組探索了膜材料在分離脂肪烴原料和產(chǎn)品時減少能量和碳需求的潛力。他們開發(fā)了一系列富氟聚（芳胺）聚合物膜，其特點(diǎn)是具有剛性聚合物主鏈和分離的全氟烷基側(cè)鏈。這種組合使聚合物能夠抵抗碳?xì)浠衔锝菀l(fā)的膨脹，而不會損失基于溶液的膜制造技術(shù)。這些材料在常溫下對液相烷烴異構(gòu)體具有良好的分離性能。
通過一系列實(shí)驗(yàn)研究了將這些聚合物膜集成到燃料和化學(xué)原料分離工藝中?；谶@些實(shí)驗(yàn)的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)分析表明，性能最佳的膜材料可以大幅降低碳?xì)浠衔锓蛛x的能源成本和相關(guān)碳排放（根據(jù)產(chǎn)品規(guī)格，可降低2至10倍）。
▲ Abstract：
We explored the potential for membrane materials to reduce energy and carbon requirements for the separation of aliphatic hydrocarbon feedstocks and products. We developed a series of fluorine-rich poly(arylene amine) polymer membranes that feature rigid polymer backbones with segregated perfluoroalkyl side chains. This combination imbues the polymers with resistance to dilation induced by hydrocarbon immersion without the loss of solution-based membrane fabrication techniques. These materials exhibit good separation of liquid-phase alkane isomers at ambient temperatures. The integration of these polymeric membranes into fuel and chemical feedstock separation processes was investigated in a series of experiments. Technoeconomic analyses based on these experiments indicate that the best-performing membrane materials can substantially reduce the energy costs and associated carbon emissions of hydrocarbon separations (two to 10 times, depending on product specifications).
地球科學(xué)Earth Science
Linear-viscous flow of temperate ice
溫帶冰的線性粘性流動
▲ 作者：COLLIN M. SCHOHN, NEAL R. IVERSON, LUCAS K. ZOET, JACOB R. FOWLER AND NATASHA MORGAN-WITTS
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp7708
▲摘要：
對處于壓力融化溫度且在晶界處含有液態(tài)水的溫帶冰川冰的變形進(jìn)行精確建模，對于預(yù)測冰蓋向海洋的排放以及相關(guān)的海平面上升至關(guān)重要。這種模型的核心是格倫流動定律，其中應(yīng)變率取決于應(yīng)力的n=3到4次冪。
與這種非線性形成鮮明對比的是，研究組通過進(jìn)行大規(guī)模剪切變形實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，在冰川床附近和冰流邊緣的液態(tài)水含量和應(yīng)力的通用范圍內(nèi)，溫帶冰是線性粘性的（n≈1.0）。這種線性可能由晶界處的擴(kuò)散壓力融化和再凍結(jié)引發(fā)，有助于穩(wěn)定冰蓋對收縮引起的應(yīng)力增加的模擬響應(yīng)。
▲ Abstract：
Accurately modeling the deformation of temperate glacier ice, which is at its pressure-melting temperature and contains liquid water at grain boundaries, is essential for predicting ice sheet discharge to the ocean and associated sea-level rise. Central to such modeling is Glen’s flow law, in which strain rate depends on stress raised to a power of n = 3 to 4. In sharp contrast to this nonlinearity, we found by conducting large-scale, shear-deformation experiments that temperate ice is linear-viscous (n ≈ 1.0) over common ranges of liquid water content and stress expected near glacier beds and in ice-stream margins. This linearity is likely caused by diffusive pressure melting and refreezing at grain boundaries and could help to stabilize modeled responses of ice sheets to shrinkage-induced stress increases.
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